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📚 Operating Systems – Wikipedia Learning Roadmap

1. Foundations

• Operating system (overview, functions, history)
• Computer architecture (basics, CPU, memory hierarchy, I/O devices)
• System software vs. application software
• Kernel (operating system)
• Monolithic kernel, Microkernel, Hybrid kernel, Exokernel
• User space vs. Kernel space
• System call

2. Processes and Threads

• Process (computing)
• Thread (computing)
• Process control block
• Context switch
• Inter-process communication (IPC)
• Signals (computing)
• Pipes (Unix), Message queue, Shared memory
• Multitasking, Multiprocessing, Multithreading
• Scheduler (computing)

3. CPU Scheduling and Synchronization

• CPU scheduling
• Scheduling (computing)
• Preemption (computing)
• Scheduling algorithm (FCFS, SJF, Priority, Round-robin, Multilevel queue, etc.)
• Process synchronization
• Critical section
• Semaphore (programming)
• Mutex
• Monitor (synchronization)
• Deadlock (causes, prevention, detection, recovery)
• Dining philosophers problem, Readers–writers problem

4. Memory Management

• Memory management (operating systems)
• Virtual memory
• Paging
• Page table, Translation lookaside buffer (TLB)
• Page replacement algorithm (FIFO, LRU, Optimal, etc.)
• Segmentation (memory)
• Swapping (computing)
• Memory protection
• Garbage collection (computer science)

5. Storage and File Systems

• File system (concepts, operations, mounting)
• File descriptor
• File allocation table (FAT)
• NTFS, ext4, APFS, ZFS (examples of real FS)
• Inode
• Directory structure
• Disk scheduling (FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, C-SCAN, LOOK, etc.)
• RAID (storage redundancy)
• Journaling file system

6. Input/Output Systems

• Input/output (overview)
• Device driver
• Direct memory access (DMA)
• Interrupt
• Spooling

7. Security and Protection

• Computer security (as applied to OS)
• Access control
• Access-control list (ACL)
• Capability-based security
• Privilege separation
• Sandbox (computer security)
• Operating system security

8. Distributed and Networked Systems

• Distributed operating system
• Cluster computing
• Network operating system
• Cloud computing (relation to OS-level virtualization)
• Remote procedure call (RPC)

9. Virtualization and Modern Extensions

• Virtualization
• Virtual machine
• Hypervisor (Type 1 vs Type 2)
• Containerization (e.g. Docker, Linux namespaces, cgroups)
• Paravirtualization
• OS-level virtualization

10. Advanced and Specialized Topics

• Real-time operating system (RTOS)
• Embedded operating system
• Mobile operating system
• Operating system service
• Fault tolerance
• High-availability cluster
• Microservices (as OS-adjacent concept)

11. Examples of Operating Systems

(Studying these helps ground theory in practice)

• Unix and Linux kernel
• BSD (FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD)
• macOS
• Microsoft Windows (architecture, NT kernel)
• Android (operating system)
• iOS
• Plan 9 from Bell Labs (research OS)
• MINIX